Candida is more common in elderly individuals who require daily nursing care. For example, the elderly are at increased risk of infection with opportunistic pathogens because of the higher incidence of several predisposing factors, such as systemic diseases, immunosuppression, use of medicines, use of dentures, and xerostomia, etc. Furthermore, other physiological changes in the host can also lead to oral candidiasis. Some sequelae of oral candidiasis, including but not limited to ulcers, severe stomatitis, and mucosal hypersensitivity, reduce patient quality of life. Superficial candidiasis in the oral and oesophageal mucosa occurs in patients with HIV infection, transplant patients, and patients receiving cancer therapy, due to the increased susceptibility of these patients to fungal colonization and infection in upper gastrointestinal tract mucosa.
Candida species initially colonize mucosal surfaces in the oral cavity, intestinal epithelia, or vagina, where they proliferate and cause mucosal infections in immunocompromised patients. Candida is the fourth leading microorganism responsible for human bloodstream infection in the USA and causes severe systemic candidiasis (deep mycosis), with 40% mortality.
They can also cause severe infections in immunocompromised hosts. Candida species are indigenous microorganisms present asymptomatically in a variety of different animal species.
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